Leed krishnaveni
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Looking only at the international rates of type 2 diabetes, as standardised across all age groups, the majority of data from populations of Western European or Asian descent suggest a slightly higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes among men than women globally, based upon the IDF 2018 atlas, an estimated 221 million men and 204 million women are estimated to have had type 2 diabetes in 2017. In addition, where appropriate, we selectively reference potential gender-related reasons for health disparities among people with type 2 diabetes, including gender differences in healthcare management and socio-environmental factors. Given the relevance of biological sex differences in our selected topics, this review is focused on sex rather than gender differences (where gender is defined as comprising social and psychological differences between men and women ), although it is often difficult to completely disentangle their effects from each other. The mechanisms that are proposed to influence these sex differences will be summarised, and research gaps that should be addressed to better understand and address the biological underpinnings will be proposed. This narrative review will focus on how age and developmental stages influence two well-recognised areas of sex differences: (1) disparate rates in the prevalence of diabetes, especially during puberty and midlife and (2) differences in the relative risk of CVD conferred by the presence of type 2 diabetes. Individuals with type 2 diabetes also exhibit sex and gender differences in the burden of future cancer, dementia and renal disease.
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Sex and gender differences in the impact of type 2 diabetes on CVD outcomes across the life span have also been identified. Epidemiological studies demonstrate clinically relevant sex and gender differences in the rates of type 2 diabetes in youth and midlife. The presence, type and magnitude of sex and gender differences in type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetes-mediated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) have historically been underappreciated. We conclude by discussing research gaps in this area that are worthy of further investigation. Gender differences in social behavioural norms and disparities in provider-level treatment patterns are also highlighted, but not described in detail. Physiological and behavioural mechanisms that may underpin both the observed sex differences in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and the associated cardiovascular burden are discussed in this review. Large-scale observational studies suggest that type 2 diabetes confers 25–50% greater excess risk of incident CVD in women compared with men.
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In the presence of type 2 diabetes, the difference in the absolute rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) between men and women lessens, albeit remaining higher in men. This narrative review highlights two domains of sex differences related to the burden of type 2 diabetes across the life span: sex differences in the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes, and sex differences in the cardiovascular burden conferred by type 2 diabetes. While we believe that the information provided to you is correct on the basis of the data provided to us, please consider this data and information as indicative and use your judgement and verify any information before making any decision.By 2017 estimates, diabetes mellitus affects 425 million people globally approximately 90–95% of these have type 2 diabetes. We will keep updating the information here regularly. We are in the process of connecting with the relevant owners and verifying the data as per the provisions of the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016. These data have not yet been verified against authentic documents, and are only indicative of the actual situation of this property, project or land holding, and their ownership.Īt QuikrHomes, we provide this information to help our users find publicly available data in a structured format. The information related to ownership of this property are also based on material gathered from public sources mentioned above or as has been declared to us by the owners/person listing the property. The information sources used here include onsite interviews, marketing material and other information sources on the internet.